📖 ABSTRACT/OVERVIEW
Background: 5G millimetre-wave frequency deployment in Nigerian urban environments requires compact, high-gain antenna arrays with ultra-wideband characteristics able to operate in the 24 to 52 GHz spectrum bands. Electromagnetic modelling tailored to Nigerian urban propagation conditions is essential for practical antenna array design. Aim: This study developed electromagnetic models and experimentally validated compact ultra-wideband antenna array designs for 5G millimetre-wave applications in Nigerian urban environments. Methods: Full-wave electromagnetic simulation was performed using CST Microwave Studio for patch and substrate-integrated waveguide-based antenna array configurations. Urban channel models parameterised from measurement campaigns in Lagos and Kano at 28 GHz and 39 GHz guided array radiation pattern requirements. Antenna arrays were fabricated on Rogers RO4003C substrates and characterised in an anechoic chamber. Channel capacity and beam-forming performance were evaluated through outdoor propagation measurements. Results: The 8x8 SIW-based array achieved 28 dBi gain, 8.6 GHz impedance bandwidth (24.1 to 32.7 GHz), and side-lobe levels below -18 dB. Beam scanning up to plus or minus 50 degrees was demonstrated with less than 3 dB gain reduction. Measured channel capacity reached 42 bits/s/Hz at 28 GHz under indoor line-of-sight conditions. Conclusion: The designed antenna array meets 5G millimetre-wave requirements for Nigerian urban deployment. The electromagnetic modelling framework is transferable to 5G base station and terminal antenna design for Nigerian network operators. Keywords: 5G millimetre-wave, antenna array, ultra-wideband, electromagnetic modelling, Nigeria.
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