Supply Chain Resilience, Operational Agility, and Firm Performance During Disruptions: Evidence from Nigerian FMCG Firms

This study empirically investigates the relationship among supply chain resilience, operational agility, and firm performance during supply chain disruptions in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) firms in Nigeria, with data collected from South West and South East operational centres. Supply chain disruptions, including the impacts of exchange rate volatility and logistics infrastructure constraints, have significantly tested FMCG firms' ability to maintain product availability and financial performance. A quantitative survey design was employed with 205 supply chain managers, operations directors, and procurement officers. Structural equation modelling was used for analysis. The study evaluates supply chain resilience through flexibility, redundancy, collaboration, and visibility dimensions, testing these against operational agility and firm performance measured through revenue continuity, customer service level maintenance, and cost management during disruption periods. Findings indicate that supply chain visibility and collaborative resilience practices exert the strongest direct effects on operational agility, which in turn significantly mediates the resilience-performance relationship. Redundancy strategies showed direct performance benefits but were associated with higher operational costs. These findings contribute to the emerging literature on supply chain risk management in African emerging markets. Recommendations include investment in supply chain visibility technology, supplier diversification strategies, and development of cross-firm crisis response protocols. Keywords: supply chain resilience, operational agility, FMCG, firm performance, Nigeria.