Microbiological Quality of Infant Formula and Weaning Foods Sold in Markets in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria

Infant formula and weaning foods are critical nutritional products for young children, and microbiological contamination represents a direct threat to infant health. This study assessed the microbiological quality of infant formula and weaning foods sold in markets in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria. A cross-sectional study collected 120 samples comprising powdered infant formula, ready-to-eat porridges, and complementary food products from markets in Kaduna metropolis. Samples were analysed for total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus using standard culture-based microbiological methods. Food safety limits were based on CODEX Alimentarius standards. Results indicated that 47.5% of samples exceeded acceptable limits for total aerobic plate count. Salmonella was isolated from 8.3% of samples. B. cereus, an important cause of foodborne illness in weaned infants, was detected in 24.2% of samples. S. aureus was present in 17.5% of products. Samples from open market stalls showed significantly higher contamination rates than those from registered pharmacies and supermarkets. Storage conditions, including exposure to heat and moisture, were identified as major contributors to microbial proliferation. The study recommends strict enforcement of food safety regulations for infant products, mandatory microbiological certification before distribution, consumer education on proper storage and preparation of infant foods, and strengthened food safety surveillance by regulatory authorities in Kaduna State. Keywords: infant formula, weaning foods, microbiological quality, Salmonella, food safety