Microbiological Quality of Infant Formula Milk Sold in Supermarkets in Abuja FCT

Infant formula milk is the primary nutritional supplement or replacement for breast milk in the critical first months of life, making its microbiological safety paramount for preventing neonatal and infant infection. This study assesses the microbiological quality of infant formula milk products sold in supermarkets across the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Twenty commercially available infant formula brands, including local and imported products, were purchased from 10 supermarkets across Wuse, Garki, and Maitama districts. Five samples per brand were tested following ISO 22964 and WHO guidelines for infant formula microbiological examination. Tests included total aerobic count, coliforms, Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter species), Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus detection. Three brands yielded coliform counts above permissible limits, and Cronobacter sakazakii was isolated from one imported brand, representing a critical safety failure given its association with neonatal meningitis. Bacillus cereus was recovered from two local brands. All samples were negative for Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The study identifies inadequate regulatory monitoring of imported infant formula and inconsistent NAFDAC enforcement at retail level as key gaps. Recommendations include mandatory pre-retail microbiological certification for all infant formula brands, enhanced Cronobacter surveillance, and consumer education on hygienic formula reconstitution practice. Keywords: infant formula, Cronobacter sakazakii, microbiological quality, Abuja, NAFDAC