Analytical Study of Repeat Breeding and Reproductive Surgical Interventions in Dairy Cattle at Commercial Farms in Kaduna State

Repeat breeding syndrome, characterized by failure to maintain pregnancy following apparently normal estrus and insemination, represents a significant fertility challenge in dairy cattle production systems and may necessitate diagnostic and therapeutic surgical interventions. This study analytically evaluates the prevalence, etiological factors, diagnostic findings, and outcomes of reproductive surgical interventions in repeat breeding cows at commercial dairy farms in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria, between January 2022 and December 2023. One hundred and sixteen repeat breeding cows from seven commercial farms were enrolled. Systematic reproductive examination including rectal palpation, transrectal ultrasonography, uterine cytology, and endoscopic evaluation of selected cases was performed. Surgical interventions including vaginoscopy-guided biopsy, pararectal exploratory surgery for adhesion assessment, and uterine lavage catheterization under visualization were documented. Subclinical endometritis confirmed by uterine cytology was identified in 43% of repeat breeding cows. Oviduct pathology including adhesions and hydrosalpinx was identified in 22% of cases by surgical and ultrasonographic evaluation. Infectious etiologies including Tritrichomonas fetus and Ureaplasma diversum were confirmed by laboratory testing in 18% of cases. Structured medical and surgical management achieved successful pregnancy in 57% of treated cows within two breeding seasons. Reproductive ultrasonography significantly improved etiological diagnosis accuracy compared to manual examination alone. These findings provide analytical insights into the complex etiology of repeat breeding in North West Nigerian dairy cattle and support evidence-based reproductive surgical diagnostic protocols. Keywords: repeat breeding, dairy cattle, reproductive surgery, Kaduna State, uterine pathology.