Analysis of 5G Technology Readiness and Deployment Prospects in Nigeria: A Review of Infrastructure Gaps

The global rollout of fifth generation wireless technology promises transformative improvements in network capacity, latency, and connectivity density, with significant implications for industry, healthcare, education, and governance. This study analyzes Nigeria's current readiness for 5G technology deployment, reviewing existing infrastructure gaps that must be addressed before widespread commercial 5G service can be realized. A systematic secondary data review was conducted, drawing on reports from the Nigerian Communications Commission, the International Telecommunication Union, network operator investment disclosure documents, and peer-reviewed literature published between 2019 and 2024. Key readiness dimensions assessed include fiber backhaul density, spectrum availability and licensing status, power supply infrastructure, regulatory framework maturity, and device ecosystem development. Findings indicate that Nigeria's overall 5G readiness is currently constrained by low fiber optic density at an estimated 0.018 fiber route-kilometers per square kilometer compared to South Africa's 0.041, inadequate grid power for energy-intensive 5G small cell deployments, limited spectrum allocation in the 3.5 GHz and millimeter wave bands, and a nascent device market with 5G-capable handsets accounting for under 3% of the active subscriber base. The study maps these gaps against NCC's 5G deployment roadmap and identifies Abuja and Lagos as the most viable initial deployment zones. Recommendations address spectrum policy reform, mandatory conduit installation for fiber, and energy efficiency standards for 5G infrastructure. Keywords: 5G technology, deployment readiness, Nigeria, infrastructure gaps, spectrum allocation.