Analysis of Propagation Characteristics of TV White Space Spectrum for Rural Broadband in Benue State

Television white space technology utilizes unused spectrum in the UHF television broadcasting bands to deliver broadband wireless connectivity, offering favorable propagation characteristics for reaching rural communities with minimal infrastructure investment. This study analyzes the propagation characteristics of TV white space spectrum for rural broadband deployment in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Field measurements were conducted at twelve rural sites across Makurdi, Oju, and Ogbadibo local government areas, using a TV white space prototype radio system operating in identified UHF white space channels between 470 and 790 MHz. Path loss measurements were taken at distances of 1 to 15 kilometers from the transmitter, and the results were compared with the Longley-Rice propagation model predictions and the ITU-R P.1546 rural propagation model. Measured path loss exponents averaged 2.8, consistent with a predominantly open rural terrain with occasional interference from vegetation and topographic undulation. At 10 km range, average received signal levels of negative 75 dBm provided usable throughput of 4.2 Mbps, sufficient for basic broadband services. The study confirms that TV white space technology can achieve significantly greater coverage ranges than conventional 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi systems, making it viable for cost-effective rural broadband deployment in Benue's geographically dispersed communities. Recommendations include formal TVWS regulatory framework finalization by NCC and pilot deployment programs in underserved LGAs. Keywords: TV white space, rural broadband, propagation, Benue State, UHF spectrum.