Social Determinants of Zoonotic Disease Vulnerability in Urban Slum Settlements Across Nigeria’s Six Geopolitical Zones

Urban slum settlements concentrate populations with high zoonotic disease vulnerability due to overcrowding, animal cohabitation, water insecurity, and limited healthcare access. This study investigated the social determinants of zoonotic disease vulnerability in urban slum settlements across all six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. A multi-site cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 slum communities, two per geopolitical zone, selected using a purposive spatial sampling strategy. Structured household surveys were administered to 1,200 households. Variables assessed included animal ownership types, housing density, water and sanitation infrastructure, food source patterns, healthcare access, and zoonotic disease event history in the prior 12 months. Social vulnerability indices were constructed using principal component analysis, and regression analysis identified independent determinants. Pig ownership within the dwelling was the strongest predictor of self-reported zoonotic illness in South East and South South zones. Dog bite exposure correlated significantly with absence of nearby veterinary services in North East and North West zones. Composite social vulnerability scores were highest in North East slum communities, reflecting accumulated disadvantage across multiple determinants. The study concludes that social vulnerability to zoonotic diseases in Nigerian slums is multidimensional and zone-specific, requiring geographically tailored intervention strategies. It provides an original evidence base for integrating zoonotic disease risk into urban slum upgrading programs and health equity policy. Keywords: social determinants, zoonotic disease vulnerability, urban slums, Nigeria, health equity