Characterisation and Comparative Analysis of Honey Samples from Selected Apiaries in Nasarawa State

Honey is a natural food product of significant nutritional, medicinal, and economic value, and the characterisation of its physico-chemical properties is essential for quality assurance and authentication of origin. This study characterises and comparatively analyses honey samples collected from twelve apiaries in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria, representing both managed colonies and wild bee collections. Parameters assessed include moisture content, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, hydroxymethylfurfural concentration, diastase activity, and pollen analysis. Analyses followed the methods prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the International Honey Commission. Results show that moisture content in four samples exceeded the 20 percent maximum recommended for prevention of fermentation. Hydroxymethylfurfural values were below 40 milligrams per kilogram in all samples from managed apiaries but elevated in some wild honey samples, suggesting prolonged storage at higher temperatures. Diastase activity values in most samples exceeded the minimum activity number of 8 specified by Codex standards. Pollen analysis confirmed the predominance of Senna siamea and Parkia biglobosa as primary nectar sources in the region, enabling botanical origin determination. The study provides baseline quality data for Nasarawa honey and supports its potential for certification and market differentiation as a monofloral or regional specialty product. Keywords: honey quality, physico-chemical properties, Nasarawa State, apiaries, hydroxymethylfurfural