Characterisation of Natural Fibre Composites from Raffia Palm for Lightweight Structural Applications in Anambra State

Natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites have gained increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials in structural engineering. This study characterises composite materials derived from raffia palm fibres sourced in Anambra State, South East Nigeria, evaluating their suitability for lightweight structural applications. The research investigates fibre extraction methods, surface treatment techniques using alkaline solutions, and the effect of fibre volume fraction on mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact resistance. Composite specimens were fabricated using hand lay-up technique with unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix phase. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to assess fibre-matrix interfacial bonding, while water absorption tests determined durability under tropical climatic conditions. Results show that alkali-treated raffia fibres at a 30 percent volume fraction produced composites with tensile strength of 47 MPa, representing a significant improvement over untreated counterparts. Flexural strength also improved by approximately 28 percent following chemical surface modification. The composites exhibited low density values suitable for panels, partitions, and interior structural components in residential construction. The findings contribute practical data for replacing conventional synthetic fibre panels in low-cost housing projects across South East Nigeria. This study recommends the adoption of treated raffia palm composites as cost-effective, locally sourced alternatives in the construction sector, with implications for reducing importation of synthetic composite panels and supporting agro-industrial development in the region. Keywords: raffia palm, natural fibre composite, alkali treatment, tensile strength, lightweight structure