Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Parkia biglobosa in the Guinea Savanna Zone of Kwara State, North Central Nigeria

Parkia biglobosa, commonly known as the locust bean tree, is an economically and ecologically important species in the Guinea Savanna of North Central Nigeria. Overexploitation for food, fodder, and fuelwood has raised concerns about the long-term viability of wild populations. This study assessed the population structure and natural regeneration status of Parkia biglobosa across twelve study sites in Kwara State. Circular plots were used to census all individuals in size classes ranging from seedlings to mature adults. Population structure diagrams and size class distribution analyses were used to evaluate regeneration patterns. Results indicated a skewed population structure at most sites, with low densities of juvenile trees relative to adults, suggesting recruitment failure in heavily disturbed areas. Sites in close proximity to settlements showed lower sapling densities and greater evidence of bark harvesting and branch lopping. Conversely, sacred groves and lands managed by community conservation agreements supported more balanced population structures. Soil seed bank assessments revealed adequate viable seed reserves beneath mature trees, but germination appeared limited by competition with grass cover and trampling by livestock. Recommendations include community-led nursery establishment using local seeds, incorporation of the species into agroforestry systems, and protection of naturally regenerating patches through community by-laws. Keywords: Parkia biglobosa, population structure, natural regeneration, Guinea Savanna, Kwara State.