An Analysis of Plea Bargaining under the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 in Federal Courts

The Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2015 formally introduced plea bargaining into Nigeria's federal criminal justice system, representing a significant procedural innovation aimed at reducing court congestion and enhancing prosecutorial efficiency. This research analyses the implementation of plea bargaining provisions under the Act, with specific focus on federal court practice in Abuja and Lagos. A doctrinal research approach was employed, supplemented by empirical data obtained through interviews with federal prosecutors, defence lawyers, and judicial officers. Case records from the Federal High Court for the period 2016 to 2024 were reviewed to assess trends in plea bargain applications, approval rates, and sentencing outcomes. Secondary sources include academic journals, bar association reports, and policy briefs from the Ministry of Justice. The findings indicate that plea bargaining has been unevenly adopted across federal judicial divisions, with significant inconsistencies in how discretion is exercised by prosecutors. Concerns have been raised about transparency in the negotiation process and whether victims' interests are adequately considered. The study also identifies risks of abuse where accused persons of limited means may feel coerced into accepting plea deals. Recommendations include establishing standardised plea bargain procedural guidelines, mandatory victim consultation requirements, and judicial oversight protocols. This research provides a critical empirical evaluation of an important criminal justice reform mechanism in Nigeria. Keywords: plea bargaining, ACJA 2015, criminal justice, federal courts, prosecutorial discretion.