Bacteriological Analysis of Borehole Water Sources in Rural Communities of Cross River State

Access to safe drinking water remains a fundamental public health challenge in rural Nigeria, where borehole water is often the primary supply but may be inadequately maintained. This environmental microbiological study analyzed the bacteriological quality of borehole water from 20 rural communities across Ogoja and Obanliku local government areas of Cross River State, in the South South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A total of 100 water samples were collected over three months using sterile sampling bottles. Bacteriological analysis was conducted using the membrane filtration method and presumptive coliform testing. Total viable count, total coliform count, and fecal coliform determination were performed. All measurements were interpreted against WHO 2022 drinking water quality guidelines. Overall, 68 percent of sampled boreholes exceeded permissible total coliform limits. Fecal coliforms were detected in 54 percent of samples. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent indicator organism isolated. Proximity of boreholes to latrines and lack of concrete aprons were strongly associated with contamination. These findings indicate widespread microbiological unsafe water in rural Cross River communities, with significant implications for gastrointestinal disease burden. Community-level water quality monitoring, borehole rehabilitation, and sanitation improvement programs are urgently recommended. Training of local water point committees in maintenance protocols is also advocated. Keywords: borehole water, bacteriological quality, rural communities, Cross River, fecal coliforms.