Bacteriological Contamination of Surgical Instruments in a Peripheral Hospital in Yola, Adamawa State

Properly sterilized surgical instruments are fundamental to preventing post-operative infections, yet instrument contamination persists as a challenge in peripheral health facilities across Nigeria. This study assessed the bacteriological contamination status of surgical instruments used in the operating theatre of Specialist Hospital Yola, Adamawa State, in the North East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Swab samples were collected from 80 instruments, including forceps, scissors, retractors, and needle holders, at four collection points: after use, after initial decontamination, after sterilization, and 24 hours post-sterilization. All samples were cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and nutrient agar. Bacterial growth was detected in 31.3 percent of post-sterilization samples. Bacillus species were the most frequently isolated post-sterilization organisms, suggesting inadequate autoclave sterilization cycles. S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from post-use and decontamination phase samples. Autoclave calibration records were incomplete in 60 percent of available documentation reviewed. These findings indicate significant sterilization process failures at the facility and carry critical implications for patient safety. The study recommends urgent autoclave validation, implementation of standardized sterilization protocols, and regular training of theatre nursing staff on instrument reprocessing. Keywords: surgical instruments, sterilization, bacteriological contamination, Yola, post-operative infection.