Pathological Assessment of Reproductive Disorders in Sows at Pig Farms in Akwa Ibom State, South South Nigeria

Reproductive disorders in sows are among the most economically significant disease syndromes affecting pig production in Akwa Ibom State, South South Nigeria, where pork farming is a substantial source of livelihood. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and pathological characteristics of reproductive disorders in sows from registered pig farms in Uyo, Eket, and Ikot Ekpene Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, from January to July 2023. Eighty-five sows from 12 farms were recruited based on reproductive history records and clinical examination. Reproductive tracts were collected at the time of farm visits and slaughter, and gross and microscopic examinations were conducted. Histopathological staining employed haematoxylin and eosin as well as gram stain for bacterial identification. Reproductive lesions were identified in 51.8 percent of examined sows. Endometritis was the most common diagnosis (38.6%), followed by ovarian cysts (22.7%), retained fetal membranes with uterine pathology (20.5%), and pyometra (18.2%). Microscopically, endometritis specimens revealed lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic infiltration of the endometrium with glandular degeneration. These findings underscore the critical impact of infectious and management-related factors on sow reproductive efficiency in the South South zone. Recommendations include regular reproductive health monitoring, improved hygiene at farrowing, rational use of antibiotics, and veterinary extension services for pig farmers. Keywords: sows, reproductive disorders, endometritis, histopathology, Akwa Ibom