Prototype of a Microcontroller-Based Automated Medication Dispensing Reminder Device for Hypertensive Patients in Abuja

Medication non-adherence in hypertensive patients is a significant driver of uncontrolled blood pressure and cardiovascular events in Nigeria, and simple automated reminder devices can improve adherence in patients who lack access to advanced smartphone technology. This study develops a microcontroller-based automated medication dispensing reminder device for hypertensive patients attending primary care clinics in Abuja FCT. The device uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, a real-time clock (DS3231) module for accurate time-keeping, a buzzer and LED indicator for timed audible and visual alerts, and a seven-compartment pill tray corresponding to a weekly medication schedule. The user interface allows clinic staff to programme up to four daily alarm times corresponding to prescribed medication times. When an alarm triggers, the device activates the buzzer and lights the LED for the corresponding pill compartment until the compartment lid sensor detects it has been opened, confirming medication retrieval. The device operates on four AA batteries providing an estimated battery life of six months. The prototype was evaluated in a usability study with thirty hypertensive outpatients at a primary health care centre in Garki, Abuja, over a four-week period. Self-reported medication adherence improved from 61 percent at baseline to 84 percent at four weeks among device users compared to a control group receiving standard verbal counselling. Patient satisfaction ratings were high, with 87 percent of users rating the device as easy to use. The study recommends a randomized controlled trial to confirm adherence and blood pressure control benefits. Keywords: medication adherence, hypertension, reminder device, microcontroller, Abuja FCT.