Analysis of Formaldehyde Content in Cosmetic Products Sold in Lagos Markets

Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives are commonly used antimicrobial agents in cosmetic products, but their use is regulated due to skin sensitisation and carcinogenic potential. Consumer exposure to formaldehyde through daily-use cosmetics is a public health concern, particularly in markets where products of uncertain regulatory compliance are prevalent. This study analysed formaldehyde content in cosmetic products purchased from popular markets in Lagos State, including facial moisturisers, body lotions, nail hardeners, and hair straightening products. Forty-eight products were evaluated using the Nash reagent spectrophotometric method. Five samples had their ingredient lists assessed for declared formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Formaldehyde was detected in 67 percent of tested products at concentrations ranging from 4.2 to 1,840 parts per million. Eight products exceeded the EU Cosmetics Regulation limit of 2,000 ppm for rinse-off products. Of particular concern, two nail hardener products contained formaldehyde at 1,620 and 1,740 ppm respectively, approaching the exposure limit. Four products containing undeclared formaldehyde-releasing agents such as DMDM hydantoin had formaldehyde levels consistent with in-situ release. Products with no listed preservatives also occasionally contained formaldehyde, suggesting undisclosed use or contamination. The absence of adequate labelling on many products limits consumer ability to make informed choices. These findings recommend strengthened enforcement of NAFDAC cosmetic product registration requirements and mandatory formaldehyde content disclosure on cosmetic labels sold in Lagos markets.

Keywords: formaldehyde, cosmetic products, Lagos markets, consumer safety, NAFDAC