Impact of Family Instability on the Emotional Development of Primary School Children in Katsina State

This study investigates the impact of family instability on the emotional development of primary school children in Katsina State, North West Nigeria. Family instability, encompassing divorce, parental absence, domestic conflict, and frequent household disruption, is increasingly recognised as a risk factor for adverse emotional outcomes in childhood, including emotional dysregulation, anxiety, and diminished empathy. The study employs a descriptive survey design, involving 260 Primary 4 and 5 pupils and their class teachers from six schools in Katsina and Daura Local Government Areas. The Family Instability Index and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (teacher-rated version) were used to assess exposure to instability and emotional development outcomes. Data were analysed using independent samples t-tests and multiple regression. Findings indicate that children from high-instability households score significantly lower on emotional regulation and prosocial behaviour subscales compared to peers from stable homes. Paternal absence was the specific instability factor most strongly associated with emotional difficulties among male pupils. Teacher-rated behavioural difficulties, including peer relationship problems and emotional symptoms, were higher in the instability group. These findings reinforce the ecological importance of stable family environments for healthy emotional development in early and middle childhood. Social welfare agencies and schools in Katsina State are advised to collaborate on early identification and psychosocial support programmes for at-risk children from unstable households. Keywords: family instability, emotional development, primary school, Katsina State, child psychology.