Management of Radioactive Waste from Mining Operations in Nigeria: Regulatory and Engineering Dimensions

This study examines the regulatory framework and engineering management requirements for naturally occurring radioactive material waste generated by mining operations in Nigeria, with particular focus on the columbite-tantalite mining sector in Nassarawa, Kogi, and Plateau States. Mining of mineral ores containing naturally occurring radioactive materials generates waste streams with elevated concentrations of uranium, thorium, and decay products that require specific engineering controls and regulatory oversight distinct from conventional solid waste management. The study employs a policy and practice review methodology, analysing the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority's naturally occurring radioactive material regulatory framework, the Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Development mining waste regulations, and documentation from three active mining operations that have engaged with NNRA on radioactive material disclosure. Regulatory gap analysis compares the Nigerian framework against IAEA Basic Safety Standards requirements for naturally occurring radioactive material. Field visits to two mining sites in Nassarawa and Plateau States assessed the implementation of radioactive waste storage and management practices. Results reveal that natural radioactivity in Nigerian mining wastes is systematically undermonitored, with the majority of mining lease holders not reporting naturally occurring radioactive material inventories as required by NNRA guidelines. Engineering controls for waste storage are minimal, with no lined impoundments or radiation monitoring at perimeter boundaries of assessed sites. The NNRA-mining sector regulatory interface is poorly defined. Recommendations include mandatory radioactivity screening as part of mining environmental impact assessments and the development of a naturally occurring radioactive material technical standard for mining waste management. Keywords: naturally occurring radioactive material, mining waste, radioactive management, NNRA, regulatory framework.