Charcoal Production and Forest Degradation in Katsina State: Spatial Distribution and Socioeconomic Drivers

Charcoal production constitutes one of the most pervasive drivers of forest degradation in the Sudan-Sahel transition zones of northwestern Nigeria, yet its spatial extent and socioeconomic underpinnings remain inadequately studied at the local level. This study examines the distribution and drivers of charcoal production activities in three local government areas of Katsina State, using a combination of field surveys, GPS mapping, and household interviews. A systematic sampling framework identified 210 active and abandoned kiln sites across the study area. Social survey instruments were administered to 145 charcoal producers, capturing livelihood dependencies, income generation, and awareness of regulatory frameworks. Spatial analysis using ArcGIS mapped kiln density in relation to remaining tree cover and distance from settlements. Results indicate a strong clustering of kilns within five kilometres of major road networks, suggesting market access as a primary locational determinant. Male-headed households with limited off-farm income were overrepresented among producers. Gamba grass and Acacia species constituted the dominant raw materials. Regulatory enforcement was reported as absent or ineffective by 87% of respondents. The study documents a net deforestation footprint of approximately 12,400 hectares linked to charcoal extraction over a five-year reference period. Recommendations include community-based forest monitoring, alternative livelihood support, and improved charcoal kiln efficiency training. Keywords: charcoal production, forest degradation, spatial analysis, Katsina State, livelihood