Applying the Health Belief Model to Understand and Predict Preventive Health Behaviours Among Nurses in Federal Tertiary Hospitals in North Central Nigeria

Background: Nurses are expected to model healthy preventive behaviours, yet high rates of occupational burnout, unhealthy lifestyles, and health service avoidance are documented in Nigerian nursing populations. The Health Belief Model provides a theoretically robust framework for understanding these dynamics. Aim: This study applied the Health Belief Model to understand and predict preventive health behaviours among nurses at federal tertiary hospitals in North Central Nigeria. Methods: A theory-testing cross-sectional study recruited 350 nurses from four teaching hospitals in Benue, Kogi, and Niger States through stratified random sampling. A validated Health Belief Model instrument and preventive behaviour inventory were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed model fit, and structural equation modelling tested predictive pathways. Results: Perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits were the strongest positive predictors of preventive health behaviour engagement. Perceived barriers, particularly time constraints and cost, were the dominant negative predictors. Self-efficacy moderated multiple Health Belief Model pathways. The model explained 61% of variance in preventive behaviour scores. Conclusion: Health Belief Model constructs, particularly self-efficacy and perceived barriers, are powerful leverage points for nurse preventive health promotion interventions. Targeted nurse wellness programmes addressing structural and motivational barriers are recommended. Keywords: Health Belief Model, preventive health behaviours, nurses, North Central Nigeria, occupational health.