Analysis of Spectrum Utilization Efficiency in the 900 MHz Band in Jos, Plateau State

Radio frequency spectrum is a finite national resource whose efficient utilization is critical to accommodating the growing demand for wireless communications services in Nigeria. This study analyzes the efficiency of spectrum utilization in the 900 MHz GSM band across the Jos metropolitan area, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria. Spectrum occupancy measurements were conducted using a calibrated spectrum analyzer and omnidirectional antenna at twelve fixed measurement points distributed across the metropolitan area over a four-week observation period. Measurements captured spectrum occupancy over 24-hour cycles, enabling comparison of utilization patterns between peak and off-peak periods. Results reveal that average occupancy in the 900 MHz band was 41% during peak hours and 19% during off-peak periods, indicating substantial temporal and spatial underutilization. Licensed operator channels showed high occupancy during business hours but considerable idle capacity between midnight and 5 AM. Geographic analysis identified consistently underutilized sub-bands in the southern fringes of the metropolitan area, suggesting coverage planning inefficiencies. The study proposes that opportunistic spectrum access technologies such as cognitive radio could enable secondary users to exploit idle spectrum in underutilized periods and locations without causing interference to primary licensees. Regulatory implications for dynamic spectrum management by the Nigerian Communications Commission are discussed. Keywords: spectrum utilization, 900 MHz, cognitive radio, Jos, spectrum measurement.