Antibiotic Use Practices and Residue Risks in Dairy Cattle Farms in Kaduna State

Antibiotic use in dairy cattle, particularly if withdrawal periods are not respected, generates drug residues in milk that pose consumer health risks including allergic reactions and antimicrobial resistance selection. This study examined antibiotic use practices and residue risks in commercial dairy cattle farms in Kaduna State, North West Nigeria. A farm-level survey was conducted among 50 dairy farm operators across Zaria, Kaduna South, and Lere Local Government Areas. Questionnaires assessed antibiotic types used, treatment decision-making processes, veterinary supervision, and knowledge of withdrawal periods. Bulk tank milk samples from 25 farms were analyzed using the Delvotest screening assay to detect antibiotic residues. Results showed that 74% of farmers administered antibiotics without veterinary prescription, predominantly for mastitis and respiratory conditions. Only 28% could correctly state the withdrawal period for any antibiotic they used. Delvotest results were positive for antibiotic inhibitors in 32% of bulk tank milk samples. The presence of residues was significantly associated with lack of veterinary supervision and inadequate record keeping. The study concludes that antibiotic misuse in Kaduna dairy farms generates residue contamination in commercial milk and undermines consumer safety. Veterinary prescription mandates for antibiotics, farmer education on withdrawal periods, and routine milk residue monitoring by regulatory authorities are urgently recommended. Keywords: antibiotic residues, dairy cattle, milk safety, Kaduna State, antimicrobial resistance