📖 ABSTRACT/OVERVIEW
The economic value of clinical pharmacy services, particularly in reducing length of hospital stay and medication-related costs, has been well-documented in high-income countries but remains empirically unverified in the North East Nigerian hospital context. This study assessed the impact of pharmacist-delivered clinical pharmacy services on healthcare costs and length of hospital stay at Federal Medical Centre Yola in Adamawa State, North East Nigeria. A quasi-experimental before-and-after study design was employed. In the pre-intervention period (four months), standard pharmacy services were provided. In the post-intervention period (four months), structured clinical pharmacy services including daily ward rounds, medication review, and discharge counselling were implemented. 150 medical ward patients per period were included. Hospital stay duration, total medication costs per admission, and drug-related complication rates were compared between periods. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in mean length of stay (8.4 versus 11.2 days; p < 0.001) and mean medication cost per admission (67,200 versus 88,600 naira; p < 0.001) following pharmacist intervention. Drug-related complications decreased from 18.0 to 8.7 per 100 admissions. The pharmacist intervention generated an estimated 5.3:1 return-on-investment based on cost savings relative to programme implementation cost. The study provides the first published pharmacoeconomic analysis of clinical pharmacy services in the North East zone and provides evidence for policy investment in clinical pharmacist positions at federal medical centres. Keywords: clinical pharmacy services, hospital costs, length of stay, pharmacoeconomics, Adamawa State
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