Assessment of Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Street Foods Sold Near Vehicular Traffic Zones in Lagos State

Street food vending is an integral part of urban food systems in Lagos State, South West Nigeria, yet foods sold in high-traffic zones are potentially exposed to lead and cadmium contamination from vehicular emissions and road dust. This study assesses the concentrations of lead and cadmium in selected street foods, including roasted plantain, fried akara, suya, and roasted corn, sold at busy road junctions in three local government areas of Lagos. Food samples were ashed, acid-digested, and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Road dust samples from each vendor location were also analysed to establish contamination linkages. Estimated daily intake calculations were performed based on average consumption data from a concurrent dietary survey of 120 consumers. Results reveal detectable levels of lead in all food categories, with suya and roasted plantain showing the highest concentrations, potentially attributable to charcoal combustion and proximity to road surfaces. Cadmium levels were lower but measurable. Estimated daily intake values for children fell within ranges suggesting potential concern under chronic exposure scenarios, while adult intake remained below provisional tolerable intakes in most cases. The study recommends the relocation of food vending activities away from high-traffic areas, establishment of minimum setback distances, and enforcement of food safety standards by the Lagos State Food Safety and Inspection Service. Keywords: lead, cadmium, street food, Lagos, vehicular contamination