Bacteriological Assessment of Sachet Water Sold in Open Markets in Onitsha, Anambra State

The microbiological safety of sachet water remains a major public health concern in densely populated urban markets across Nigeria. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of sachet water produced by small-scale manufacturers and sold in the Onitsha main market, Anambra State, South East Nigeria. A total of 60 sachet water samples were collected from 20 vendors over a six-week period. Standard microbiological methods including pour plate technique, Most Probable Number (MPN), and membrane filtration were employed to determine total viable counts, total coliform counts, and Escherichia coli presence. Biochemical characterization of isolated organisms was conducted using standard identification keys and the API 20E system. Results indicated that 45 percent of sampled products exceeded the WHO guideline of zero coliforms per 100 mL. Organisms isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Variation in contamination levels correlated significantly with vendor hygiene practices, storage duration, and proximity to drainage channels. These findings indicate widespread bacteriological compromise of sachet water in the study area and highlight failures in local regulatory oversight. The study recommends strengthened enforcement of NAFDAC standards, periodic market surveillance, and public enlightenment campaigns targeting vendors and consumers. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence documenting the urgent need for improved water safety regulation in Nigerian urban markets. Keywords: sachet water, bacteriological quality, coliforms, Onitsha, NAFDAC.