Characterisation of Haemoglobin Variants in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Maiduguri, Borno State

Haemoglobin variants pose particular risks during pregnancy, increasing susceptibility to anaemia, maternal complications, and adverse foetal outcomes. In North East Nigeria, haemoglobin variant characterisation in the antenatal population has received limited research attention despite the region's high sickle cell burden. This study characterised haemoglobin variants among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State. A total of 250 pregnant women in their first trimester were recruited consecutively. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was performed using cellulose acetate at alkaline pH, supplemented by isoelectric focusing for ambiguous patterns. Complete blood count parameters and serum ferritin levels were also assessed to differentiate iron deficiency anaemia from haemoglobinopathy-related anaemia. The distribution of HbAA, HbAS, HbSS, HbSC, and HbCC was documented. A significant proportion of participants with HbAS genotype demonstrated lower mean haemoglobin concentration compared to HbAA controls, warranting closer obstetric monitoring. The study recommends mandatory antenatal haemoglobin genotype screening at all primary healthcare facilities in Borno State and adjacent North East states. Keywords: haemoglobin variants, pregnancy, antenatal care, Maiduguri, haemoglobinopathy