Characterization of Thunderstorm Activity Over Ibadan, Oyo State

Thunderstorms are among the most energetic and hazardous convective weather phenomena affecting Southwest Nigeria, responsible for property damage, aviation disruptions, and fatalities. This study characterizes the seasonal frequency, diurnal timing, and intensity of thunderstorm activity over Ibadan, Oyo State, using surface weather observation records from the Ibadan Airport meteorological station covering the period 2019 to 2023. Lightning flash density data from the NASA Global Lightning Dataset (LIS/OTD) were incorporated to validate storm intensity estimates and spatial extent. The descriptive analysis reveals that Ibadan experiences an average of 72 thunderstorm days per year, with peak activity occurring between March and June and a secondary maximum in September. Diurnal analysis shows that most events initiate between 14:00 and 17:00 local time, consistent with afternoon convective heating patterns. Severe thunderstorms, characterized by lightning flash rates exceeding 20 flashes per minute, are most frequent in April and May, correlating with the northward advance of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity. Community impact assessments via structured questionnaires highlight inadequate lightning protection in residential and school buildings as a major vulnerability. The study recommends improved dissemination of NiMet nowcasting products and mandatory lightning rod installation standards for public buildings in Ibadan. Keywords: thunderstorm, lightning, Ibadan, convection, severe weather.