Developmental Consequences of Orphanhood in HIV-Affected Communities in Benue State: A Comparative Analysis

This study conducts a comparative analysis of developmental consequences of orphanhood in HIV-affected communities in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Benue State has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in Nigeria, resulting in elevated rates of parental mortality and a significant orphan population. While global research has documented developmental risks for orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa, comparative analyses that distinguish between double orphans, single orphans, and children of HIV-positive but living parents remain rare in Nigerian literature. This research employed a cross-sectional comparative design involving 360 children aged 6 to 14 years categorised into four groups. Developmental assessments covered cognitive, social-emotional, and physical health domains using the Kauffman Brief Intelligence Test, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and anthropometric indicators. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc analyses compared developmental profiles across groups. Results indicate that double orphans demonstrated the most severe developmental deficits across all domains, followed by children of deceased single parents. Placement in community-based care with a stable caregiver significantly moderated adverse outcomes in all orphan groups. The quality of caregiving arrangement proved a stronger predictor of developmental outcomes than orphanhood status per se. The study recommends strengthened community-based care standards and regular developmental monitoring for all orphaned children in HIV-affected communities across Benue State. Keywords: orphanhood, HIV, child development, Benue State, community-based care.