English Language Competence and Employability Among Nigerian University Graduates: Evidence from Employers in Abuja

This study investigates the relationship between English language competence and graduate employability in the Abuja labour market, drawing on employer perspectives to identify the specific English language skills that distinguish highly employable Nigerian university graduates from those who struggle to access and retain employment. Despite the widespread recognition among Nigerian employers that English language competence is a critical employment selection criterion, systematic evidence on which specific competences are most valued across sectors and how Nigerian graduates perform against employer expectations is limited. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, surveying 100 human resources managers and line managers across government, private sector, and non-governmental organisations in Abuja regarding their English language expectations and experiences with Nigerian graduate recruits. Survey data are supplemented by 20 in-depth interviews with senior hiring managers. Quantitative data examine the relative importance ratings given to writing, speaking, listening, and reading skills across sectors, while qualitative data explore the specific language performance deficits most commonly observed in graduate recruits. Findings reveal that formal written English competence, including report writing, email communication, and meeting documentation, is the most consistently valued skill set across sectors. Oral presentation confidence and professional meeting language are identified as critical deficits in a high proportion of recruits from non-elite institutions. The study recommends employer-university partnerships to develop workplace English simulations as part of undergraduate communication modules. Keywords: employability, English language competence, graduate employment, employer perspectives, Abuja.