Evaluation of Charcoal Production Efficiency and Environmental Impacts in Ogun State, South West Nigeria

Charcoal production remains a significant energy supply activity in Ogun State, South West Nigeria, serving as both a livelihood source for rural producers and an energy commodity for urban households unable to afford liquefied petroleum gas. This study evaluates charcoal production efficiency and associated environmental impacts in three charcoal-producing communities in Ogun State. Participatory surveys and kiln performance assessments were conducted among 60 charcoal producers, documenting kiln types, species used, carbonisation duration, and yield ratios. Emission measurements from traditional earth mound kilns and improved metallic kilns were compared using portable gas analysers to quantify carbon monoxide, methane, and particulate matter releases. The study applies a simplified lifecycle carbon balance to estimate net greenhouse gas emissions per tonne of charcoal produced and consumed. Results indicate that traditional earth mound kilns achieve conversion efficiencies of only 18 to 22 percent, compared to 28 to 35 percent for improved metallic retort kilns, with corresponding reductions in emission intensity. Economic analysis demonstrates that improved kiln adoption increases producer income by 34 percent through reduced wood input per unit of charcoal output. The study recommends a subsidised improved kiln distribution programme supported by Ogun State Forestry Resource Management Agency as a transitional strategy toward cleaner cooking fuel access. Keywords: charcoal production, kiln efficiency, environmental impact, Ogun State, biomass energy.