Evaluation of Labour Use Efficiency on Rice Farms in Kebbi State

Labour represents one of the largest variable costs in rice production across Nigeria's North West zone, yet its efficient allocation remains poorly understood at the smallholder level. This study evaluates labour input patterns and use efficiency on irrigated and rain-fed rice farms in Kebbi State, a leading rice-producing state in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 160 rice farmers from four local government areas. Data on labour type, hours invested per farm operation, and corresponding output levels were collected through structured interviews and farm visit observations. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, and a partial budget framework were employed for analysis. Results show that transplanting, weeding, and harvesting operations collectively account for over 70 percent of total labour expenditure, with family labour constituting the dominant labour source. Hired labour use was more prevalent among larger farm operators. Analysis of labour productivity ratios reveals that irrigated farms recorded higher output per labour unit compared to rain-fed plots, attributable to better water management and crop scheduling. High peak-season labour scarcity was reported by 62 percent of respondents, leading to delayed operations and output losses. The study recommends the promotion of mechanised transplanting equipment and community labour-sharing arrangements as viable strategies for addressing seasonal bottlenecks. Government investment in rural mechanisation centres is encouraged to support smallholder transition toward labour-efficient practices. Keywords: labour efficiency, rice farming, Kebbi State, irrigation, smallholder management