Evaluation of Milk Quality and Hygiene in Informal Dairy Chains in Maiduguri, Borno State

Milk produced and distributed through informal chains is a primary dairy source for many households in northern Nigeria, yet it frequently bypasses quality controls. This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of raw milk distributed through informal dairy chains in Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria. Sixty milk samples were collected from smallholder farmers, mobile hawkers, and roadside vendors. Standard tests including total plate count, coliform count, titratable acidity, and specific gravity were performed. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to 45 dairy actors to assess hygiene awareness and handling practices. Microbiological analysis revealed that 73.3% of samples exceeded the maximum acceptable total plate count of 2 x 10^5 colony-forming units per milliliter. Coliform contamination was detected in 66.7% of samples, indicating fecal contamination. Physicochemical parameters of 20% of samples suggested adulteration with water. Most handlers had no formal training in milk hygiene and reported washing utensils only once daily. The study concludes that informal milk chains in Maiduguri represent a persistent public health hazard, particularly for vulnerable populations. Urgent interventions including training of dairy producers, introduction of affordable chilling equipment, and enforcement of minimum milk quality standards are recommended to protect consumers. Keywords: raw milk, dairy hygiene, microbiology, informal market, Borno State