Freedom of Expression and Social Media Regulation in Nigeria: Implications for Human Rights

This study critically evaluates the tension between freedom of expression, as guaranteed under Section 39 of Nigeria's 1999 Constitution and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and emerging social media regulations in Nigeria. Following the 2021 Twitter ban and subsequent legislative proposals concerning online content regulation, significant debate has arisen over the extent to which state intervention in digital spaces is compatible with human rights norms. The research conducts a doctrinal analysis of relevant legislative proposals, including the National Information Technology Development Agency Act amendments, alongside comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in South Africa, Ghana, and Kenya. Empirical data is drawn from a survey of 200 Nigerian university students and young professionals aged 18 to 35, representing diverse geopolitical zones, to capture public perceptions of online freedom and government censorship. Findings reveal widespread concern about the chilling effect of regulatory threats on political commentary and civic engagement online. The study argues that blanket bans and disproportionate content takedown orders violate Nigeria's international human rights obligations and stifle democratic participation. Recommendations focus on developing a rights-respecting digital governance framework anchored in transparency, proportionality, and independent judicial oversight. Keywords: freedom of expression, social media regulation, Twitter ban, digital rights, Nigeria.