Intestinal Protozoan Infections Among Refugees in a Camp Setting in Adamawa State, North East Nigeria

Displaced populations living in refugee and internally displaced persons camps face heightened risks of intestinal protozoan infections owing to overcrowded conditions, disrupted sanitation systems, and limited access to clean water. This study examines the prevalence and species distribution of intestinal protozoan infections among registered camp residents in a humanitarian settlement in Adamawa State, North East Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, enrolling 260 individuals including adults and children from a camp in Yola North Local Government Area. Fresh stool samples were collected and processed using direct wet mount, Lugol's iodine staining, and formal-ether concentration techniques. Data on duration of displacement, toilet access, water source, hand hygiene, and history of diarrhoeal illness were obtained via structured interviews. Key expected parasites include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Evidence from 2020 to 2024 documents sharply elevated intestinal protozoan burdens in Nigerian displacement settings, with children under five and the elderly bearing the greatest disease burden. This study will identify the most prevalent species and quantify associations with WASH infrastructure variables, informing targeted interventions. Findings will be presented to the National Emergency Management Agency, UNHCR Nigeria, and the Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency. Keywords: intestinal protozoa, displaced persons, refugee camp, Adamawa State, WASH.