Inventory and Conservation Status of Freshwater Turtles in Cross River and Calabar River Systems

Freshwater turtles are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, facing pressure from habitat loss, incidental bycatch, and targeted harvesting for food and traditional medicine. In the Cross River and Calabar River systems of Cross River State, within Nigeria's South South geopolitical zone, freshwater turtle diversity and conservation status are poorly documented, despite the region's recognized herpetological richness. This study conducts a comprehensive inventory of freshwater turtle species in both river systems, assessing population density, habitat associations, and the extent of human exploitation. Surveys were conducted using baited hoop traps, night surveys by canoe, and community-based reporting over 12 months across 16 survey sections. Market surveys at Calabar waterfront markets and key trading points complemented field data. A total of six freshwater turtle species were recorded, including the African helmeted turtle, African sideneck turtle, and West African mud turtle. The African softshell turtle (Trionyx triunguis), previously unrecorded from the Calabar River, represents a significant range extension. Market surveys documented heavy commercial trade in all six species, with over 300 individual turtles observed in weekly market surveys. The study recommends urgent legal protection for all documented species, trade monitoring programs, and community awareness of their ecological role as nutrient cyclers in freshwater systems. Keywords: freshwater turtles, Cross River State, South South Nigeria, herpetology, wildlife trade