Investigation of Navigation Hazards in Coastal Waters of Akwa Ibom State

Coastal navigation in Akwa Ibom State presents unique hazards that affect the safety and efficiency of maritime operations in the South South geopolitical zone. This study investigates the principal navigation hazards encountered by vessels in the coastal waters of Akwa Ibom, including shallow banks, unmarked reefs, strong tidal currents, and insufficient navigational aids. A descriptive research design was adopted, using field surveys, hydrographic chart analysis, and structured interviews with experienced mariners, fishermen, and officers of the Nigerian Ports Authority. Twenty active mariners and ten vessel operators participated in the study. The research finds that a substantial number of maritime incidents reported in the area are attributable to inadequate charting of shallow water zones, absence of functional buoys and light beacons, and the seasonal migration of sandbanks that are not reflected in existing nautical charts. Overgrown mangrove channels further restrict vessel movement during high tidal conditions, particularly for flat-bottomed passenger ferries. The study also documents widespread use of GPS devices without corresponding up-to-date chart data among small vessel operators, creating a false sense of navigational security. Recommendations include urgent hydrographic re-surveying of critical coastal channels, installation of solar-powered navigational buoys, and integration of updated chart data into locally available GPS applications. This study provides actionable intelligence for maritime safety authorities in Akwa Ibom State. Keywords: navigation hazards, Akwa Ibom, coastal waters, hydrographic survey, maritime safety