Microbiological Analysis of Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in Selected Rural Communities in Benue State

Access to safe drinking water remains a critical public health challenge in rural North Central Nigeria, where borehole water supplies are often the primary source of domestic water. This study carried out a microbiological analysis of borehole water from 25 functional boreholes in three rural LGAs in Benue State. Samples were collected from borehole outlets and from household storage containers to distinguish between source contamination and handling-associated contamination. Bacteriological parameters assessed included total coliform count, fecal coliform count, heterotrophic plate count, and specific pathogen screening for Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae using selective media and biochemical tests. Results revealed that 52 percent of borehole outlet samples and 72 percent of household storage samples failed WHO microbiological guidelines. The disparity in contamination rates between source and household samples indicates that post-collection handling contributes substantially to overall water contamination. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in 44 percent of all samples, with E. coli confirmed as the predominant species. Seasonal variation was observed, with higher contamination during the rainy season. Proximity to pit latrines was significantly associated with elevated fecal contamination at source. These findings underscore the importance of siting boreholes appropriately and educating communities on safe water handling and storage practices. Keywords: borehole water, fecal coliforms, Benue State, rural communities, water safety.