Neuroprotective Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Lead-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats: A Pharmacological Investigation

Background: Lead toxicity is a significant environmental and occupational health concern in Nigeria, particularly in mining communities such as those in Zamfara State. Neurological damage from lead exposure is well-documented, and natural compounds with neuroprotective properties represent promising therapeutic leads. Moringa oleifera, widely cultivated in Nigeria, has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract against lead-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6): normal control, lead-treated control (500 ppm lead acetate in drinking water for 28 days), and four extract treatment groups receiving oral M. oleifera extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg daily alongside lead, and a standard chelation therapy group (DMSA). Neurobehavioural assessments (Morris water maze, open field test), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH), and histopathology of hippocampal tissue were evaluated. Results: Lead exposure significantly impaired spatial memory and increased MDA levels while depleting antioxidant enzymes. M. oleifera extract at 400 mg/kg significantly reversed these effects (p less than 0.05), with improvements in maze performance and antioxidant status comparable to DMSA. Hippocampal histology showed reduced neuronal damage in extract-treated animals. Conclusion: M. oleifera leaf extract demonstrates dose-dependent neuroprotection against lead-induced neurotoxicity and warrants further investigation as a complementary agent in lead poisoning management. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, neuroprotection, lead toxicity, oxidative stress, Wistar rats