Pattern of Animal Bites and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Utilization in Kogi State

Animal bites, primarily from dogs, are the leading cause of human rabies exposure globally, and timely post-exposure prophylaxis is essential to prevent fatality. This study examined the pattern of animal bite injuries and post-exposure prophylaxis utilization in Lokoja and Kabba-Bunu Local Government Areas of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. A retrospective review of bite case registers at three general hospitals was conducted for the period 2020 to 2023, supplemented by a cross-sectional survey of 60 bite victims. Data on bite location, animal species involved, wound severity, treatment-seeking delay, and completion of prophylaxis were extracted and analyzed. Dogs accounted for 74.2% of reported bite injuries, followed by cats at 11.3% and monkeys at 6.5%. Only 43.5% of bite victims presented to a health facility within 24 hours of injury, and complete post-exposure prophylaxis administration was documented in just 30% of cases. Barriers to timely treatment included cost, distance, and cultural beliefs favoring traditional wound treatment. The study concludes that inadequate prophylaxis uptake following animal bites poses a significant rabies risk in Kogi State. Free or subsidized post-exposure prophylaxis programs, expansion of vaccine availability, and community education campaigns are urgently recommended. Keywords: animal bites, post-exposure prophylaxis, rabies, Kogi State, public health