Physiological Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Haematological Indices Among Male Adults in Minna, Niger State

Cigarette smoking exerts extensive physiological effects, including alterations in haematological parameters that elevate the risk of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. This study evaluated the physiological effects of tobacco smoking on haematological indices among male adults in Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria. Eighty male adults were recruited, comprising 50 active cigarette smokers and 30 age-matched non-smokers from the same community. Venous blood was analysed for haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate using automated haematology techniques. Smoking history including pack-year exposure was calculated from self-reported daily cigarette consumption and years of smoking. Mann-Whitney U and Pearson correlation tests were applied. Results showed significantly elevated haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and white blood cell count in smokers compared to non-smokers. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly elevated in smokers, indicating chronic systemic inflammation. Pack-year exposure correlated positively with haemoglobin and inflammatory markers. Platelet count was non-significantly elevated in smokers. The study concludes that cigarette smoking induces pro-thrombotic and inflammatory haematological changes in male adults in Minna, increasing cardiovascular risk. Community-based smoking cessation programmes and tobacco taxation advocacy are recommended. Keywords: tobacco smoking, haematological indices, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, pack-year, Minna.