Prevalence and Risk Factors of Contagious Ecthyma in Small Ruminants in Yobe State

Contagious ecthyma, also known as orf, is a zoonotic poxviral infection affecting sheep and goats that poses occupational health risks to animal handlers. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with contagious ecthyma in small ruminants in selected pastoral communities in Yobe State, North East Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted across four local government areas. A total of 200 sheep and goats from 40 flocks were clinically examined for characteristic proliferative lesions on the lips, face, and feet. Epidemiological data on flock management, stocking density, and animal movement history were collected through structured owner interviews. Results showed a prevalence of 23% in sheep and 18.5% in goats. Flocks with high stocking density, recent animal introductions, and no quarantine protocols had significantly higher infection rates. Eleven farmers reported having developed similar skin lesions on their hands or arms following contact with infected animals, confirming zoonotic transmission. The study recommends integration of orf awareness into veterinary extension services, promotion of protective glove use during lambing and kidding seasons, and development of vaccination programs in endemic pastoral areas of northern Nigeria. Keywords: contagious ecthyma, orf, small ruminants, zoonosis, Yobe State