Sanitation Practices and Incidence of Diarrhoeal Diseases Among Households in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria

Diarrhoeal diseases remain a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in Nigeria, particularly in communities with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. This study examines sanitation practices and their association with diarrhoeal disease incidence among households in rural and peri-urban communities of Plateau State in the North Central zone. A descriptive cross-sectional design is used, with 310 household heads selected through multistage random sampling from four local government areas. Data are gathered through structured questionnaires and direct observation of sanitation facilities, including toilet types, waste disposal methods, and handwashing stations. Collected data are analysed using SPSS, with chi-square and odds ratio calculations used to assess associations between sanitation indicators and reported diarrhoeal episodes. The 2022 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey reports that open defecation remains prevalent in many North Central rural communities, directly correlating with elevated diarrhoeal disease burdens. This study applies the Epidemiological Triad framework to assess host, agent, and environmental interactions driving diarrhoeal transmission. Findings are intended to guide local government environmental health departments in prioritising sanitation infrastructure investments and community hygiene promotion activities. Recommendations will address both behavioural change communication and structural improvements in community WASH services. The study contributes to evidence supporting the Federal Government of Nigeria's Clean Nigeria Campaign and Sustainable Development Goal 6. Keywords: sanitation practices, diarrhoeal diseases, household hygiene, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria.