Socioeconomic Analysis of Charcoal Production and Its Implications for Forest Resource Management in Niger State, North Central Nigeria

Charcoal production represents a significant source of income for rural households in many forest-adjacent communities in Nigeria, yet its contribution to deforestation and ecosystem service loss creates a complex policy challenge. In Niger State, charcoal production for domestic and industrial energy use is widespread, particularly in communities with limited alternative livelihood options. This study conducted a socioeconomic analysis of charcoal production and its implications for forest resource management in Niger State. A structured questionnaire was administered to 88 charcoal producers from three local government areas, supplemented by focus group discussions with community leaders and forest officers. Data covered production volumes, income contributions, species harvested, and harvesting practices. Descriptive statistics and a livelihood analysis framework were applied. Results revealed that charcoal income contributed approximately 29 percent of total household income for sampled producers, rising to over 55 percent during the dry season. Preferred species for charcoal production included Daniellia oliveri and Vitellaria paradoxa, both ecologically significant trees. Over 72 percent of producers harvested without permits due to limited enforcement capacity. The study recommends developing alternative income programmes for charcoal-dependent communities in Niger State and strengthening community forest governance structures. Incentive-based tree planting and enrichment planting schemes should complement regulatory enforcement. Keywords: charcoal production, forest management, Niger State, livelihoods, deforestation.