Study of Dyeing Efficiency of Ankara Fabric Using Reactive Dyes Under Varying Temperature Conditions

Ankara fabric remains one of the most commercially significant textiles in Nigerian culture and fashion, yet systematic scientific evaluation of its dyeing parameters under local production conditions is limited. This study examines the dyeing efficiency of Ankara cotton fabric using reactive dyes under varying temperature conditions representative of small-scale dyeing operations in Kano State, North West Nigeria. Fabric samples were dyed at temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 degrees Celsius using three commercial reactive dye classes: monochlorotriazine, dichlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. Dyeing efficiency was assessed through colour strength measurements expressed as the K/S ratio, wash fastness, rubbing fastness, and light fastness in accordance with ISO standard test methods. Results indicate that dichlorotriazine reactive dyes achieved the highest colour strength at 60 degrees Celsius, with K/S values averaging 18.4 compared to 12.7 for monochlorotriazine at equivalent conditions. Wash fastness ratings of 4 to 5 on the grey scale were consistently achieved across all dye classes when optimal alkaline fixation conditions were maintained. Light fastness was generally rated at grade 4, consistent with reactive dye performance expectations on cellulosic substrates. Statistical analysis confirmed temperature as a significant variable influencing dye uptake and fixation efficiency. The study provides practical dyeing guidelines for small-scale Ankara fabric processors seeking to optimise dye utilisation and reduce effluent colouration. Recommendations include temperature monitoring equipment investment and alkali dosage standardisation for improved batch consistency. Keywords: Ankara fabric, reactive dyes, dyeing efficiency, colour strength, temperature