The Application of International Humanitarian Law in Nigeria’s Counter-Insurgency Operations in the North East

This study examines the application of international humanitarian law (IHL) in Nigeria's counter-insurgency operations in the North East geopolitical zone, with particular focus on the ongoing conflict involving non-state armed groups. Despite Nigeria's ratification of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, concerns persist regarding civilian protection, the treatment of detainees, and proportionality in the use of force. The research adopts a descriptive and case-study methodology, drawing on field reports, human rights documentation, and recent academic literature published within the last five years. It investigates whether the Nigerian military adheres to IHL obligations during operations in Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa States, and evaluates the institutional mechanisms available for monitoring compliance. The study finds significant gaps between Nigeria's treaty obligations and operational practice, particularly regarding the protection of internally displaced persons and the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks. It also identifies structural deficiencies in accountability frameworks at both the domestic and international levels. The research recommends enhanced IHL training for security personnel, the strengthening of independent oversight bodies, and improved coordination between the Nigerian government and international humanitarian organisations. Findings from this study are relevant not only for legal scholars but also for policymakers, military commanders, and civil society actors engaged in conflict response in sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: international humanitarian law, counter-insurgency, North East Nigeria, civilian protection, Geneva Conventions.