The Effectiveness of e-Learning as a Human Resource Development Tool in Nigerian Banks: A Comparative Study of UBA and First Bank Nigeria

This study evaluates the effectiveness of e-learning as a human resource development (HRD) tool in United Bank for Africa (UBA) and First Bank Nigeria, two of the country's largest and most geographically extensive commercial banks. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the transition from classroom-based to digital learning in Nigerian financial institutions, making a systematic evaluation of e-learning outcomes particularly timely and relevant. The study employs a comparative survey design, with 160 employees drawn equally from both banks selected through stratified random sampling from Lagos, Abuja, and Kano branches. A validated e-Learning Effectiveness Scale and a pre-post knowledge assessment protocol serve as primary instruments. Kirkpatrick's Four-Level Training Evaluation Model provides the theoretical grounding for measuring reaction, learning, behaviour, and results outcomes. Findings reveal that both banks have invested significantly in learning management systems, yet First Bank's modular microlearning design demonstrates higher knowledge retention rates compared to UBA's longer-format course structure. Completion rates across both institutions are hindered by inadequate device access for field staff and inconsistent internet connectivity in non-Lagos locations. The study also finds that e-learning is most effective when complemented by in-person practice sessions and supervisory reinforcement. Recommendations include mobile-optimised learning design, offline content accessibility, and supervisor accountability for learning transfer. This research contributes comparative evidence on digital HRD practices in Nigerian banking. Keywords: e-Learning, Human Resource Development, Banking, UBA, First Bank Nigeria.