The Impact of Poverty on Access to Civil Justice in Rural Zamfara State

Access to civil justice is a foundational component of the rule of law, yet economic poverty remains a structural barrier that systematically excludes rural populations in Zamfara State, North West Nigeria, from meaningful participation in the civil court system. This study examines the impact of poverty on civil justice access in rural Zamfara State, analysing data from 250 respondents in Gusau, Kaura Namoda, and Maru through structured questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions. The research evaluates the adequacy of the Legal Aid Council of Nigeria Act 2011, the Zamfara State Legal Aid Law, and the Citizens' Mediation Centre programme in addressing barriers to civil legal representation. Findings reveal that court fees, transportation costs, lawyer fees, and low legal literacy collectively function as effective barriers that prevent poor rural residents from filing or defending civil claims. The study further examines how Sharia courts serve as informal justice systems for many rural residents but are limited in jurisdiction to personal law matters, leaving commercial and property disputes without accessible adjudication. The research also assesses the contribution of non-governmental organisations providing legal aid in conflict-affected rural areas. Recommendations include free civil legal aid expansion, mobile court initiatives, and simplification of civil procedure for small claims. Keywords: access to justice, civil justice, poverty, legal aid, Zamfara State