Trade Barriers and Their Effect on Cross-Border Commerce Between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin

This study investigates the nature and effects of trade barriers on cross-border commerce between Nigeria and the Republic of Benin, two neighbouring countries within the ECOWAS trade bloc. Despite the theoretical framework of regional integration promoting free trade, informal and formal barriers continue to impede the smooth flow of goods across the Seme border. The research draws on primary data collected through structured interviews and questionnaires administered to 100 traders, customs agents, and logistics operators at the Seme-Krake border post in Badagry, Lagos State. A mixed-method approach is adopted, combining qualitative narrative analysis with descriptive statistics. The study identifies tariff inconsistencies, multiple taxation points, poor border infrastructure, and bureaucratic delays as the principal trade barriers encountered by operators. It also examines the role of the ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme in reducing formal trade costs and analyses the gap between policy intentions and practical implementation. Findings are expected to highlight how these barriers divert trade into informal channels, resulting in revenue losses for both governments. The study contributes to the body of literature on regional integration effectiveness in West Africa and offers evidence-based policy recommendations for streamlining border procedures, harmonising tariff schedules, and investing in border infrastructure. The research underscores the need for bilateral cooperation frameworks that translate ECOWAS protocols into tangible trade facilitation outcomes. Keywords: trade barriers, cross-border trade, ECOWAS, Nigeria, Benin Republic