Characterisation of Optical Fibre Attenuation in Telecom Networks Across Lafia, Nasarawa State

Background: Optical fibre networks underpin high-speed broadband communications, and signal attenuation characterisation is essential for network planning, fault diagnosis, and quality assurance. Understanding fibre performance in tropical Nigerian conditions adds practical value. Aim: This study characterised optical fibre signal attenuation in active telecom fibre links across Lafia, Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria. Methods: An optical time-domain reflectometer was used to measure signal attenuation, splice losses, and connector losses in twelve active single-mode fibre links operated by two network providers. Measurements were conducted during dry and wet season periods to assess environmental influence. Results: Mean fibre attenuation was 0.38 dB/km, slightly above the ITU-T G.652D standard of 0.35 dB/km. Splice losses averaged 0.12 dB and connector losses 0.35 dB per event. Wet season measurement showed 8% higher attenuation, attributed to increased soil moisture and micro-bending effects. Conclusion: Fibre attenuation in Lafia networks slightly exceeds optimal values, largely due to mechanical stresses in the installed cable. Recommendations include improved splice quality control, protective conduit installation, and regular OTDR-based maintenance inspections. Keywords: optical fibre, attenuation, OTDR, telecom networks, Nasarawa State.